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5 Elements Martial Arts and Wellness Center Kung Fu Test Sheet Black Sash

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Kung Fu

Chinese martial arts
Traditional Chinese 武術
Simplified Chinese 武术
Literal meaning "martial technique"

A monk practicing kung fu in the bamboo wood inside the Shaolin Temple

Chinese martial arts, often called by the umbrella terms kung fu (; Chinese: 功夫; pinyin: gōngfu ; Cantonese Yale: gūng fū ), kuoshu (國術; guóshù ) or wushu (武術; wǔshù ), are multiple fighting styles that have adult over the centuries in Greater China. These fighting styles are ofttimes classified according to common traits, identified as "families" of martial arts. Examples of such traits include Shaolinquan (少林拳) physical exercises involving All Other Animals (五形) mimicry or training methods inspired by Erstwhile Chinese philosophies, religions and legends. Styles that focus on qi manipulation are chosen internal ( 内家拳 ; nèijiāquán ), while others that concentrate on improving musculus and cardiovascular fitness are called external ( 外家拳 ; wàijiāquán ). Geographical association, every bit in northern ( 北拳 ; běiquán ) and southern ( 南拳 ; nánquán ), is another popular classification method.

Terminology [edit]

Kung fu, wushu and "Tillage"are loanwords from Cantonese and Standard mandarin respectively that, in English, are used to refer to Chinese martial arts. Still, the Chinese terms kung fu and wushu ( listen (Mandarin)(help·info) ; Cantonese Yale: móuh seuht ) have singled-out meanings.[1] The Chinese equivalent of the term "Chinese martial arts" would be Zhongguo wushu (Chinese: 中國武術; pinyin: zhōngguó wǔshù ) (Standard mandarin).

In Chinese, the term kung fu refers to whatsoever skill that is acquired through learning or practice. It is a chemical compound word composed of the words 功 (gōng) pregnant "work", "achievement", or "merit", and 夫 (fū) which is a particle or nominal suffix with diverse meanings.

Wushu literally means "martial art". It is formed from the two Chinese characters 武術 : 武 ( wǔ ), meaning "martial" or "military machine" and 術 or 术 ( shù ), which translates into "fine art", "discipline", "skill" or "method". The term wushu has also become the name for the modern sport of wushu, an exhibition and total-contact sport of bare-handed and weapon forms (套路), adjusted and judged to a set up of aesthetic criteria for points developed since 1949 in the Red china.[2] [3]

Quánfǎ ( 拳法 ) is some other Chinese term for Chinese martial arts. It means "fist method" or "the law of the fist" (quán means "boxing" or "fist", and fǎ means "police", "style" or "method"), although every bit a compound term it usually translates as "battle" or "fighting technique." The name of the Japanese martial art kempō is represented by the same hanzi characters.

History [edit]

The genesis of Chinese martial arts has been attributed to the need for self-defence, hunting techniques and military training in ancient China. Hand-to-hand combat and weapons practice were important in training ancient Chinese soldiers.[iv] [5]

Detailed knowledge well-nigh the state and evolution of Chinese martial arts became available from the Nanjing decade (1928–1937), as the Primal Guoshu Institute established by the Kuomintang regime made an effort to compile an encyclopedic survey of martial arts schools. Since the 1950s, the People's Commonwealth of China has organized Chinese martial arts equally an exhibition and total-contact sport under the heading of "wushu".

Legendary origins [edit]

According to legend, Chinese martial arts originated during the semi-mythical Xia Dynasty (夏朝) more than 4,000 years ago.[6] It is said the Yellow Emperor (Huangdi) (legendary date of rise 2698 BCE) introduced the earliest fighting systems to Cathay.[7] The Yellow Emperor is described as a famous general who, before becoming China's leader, wrote lengthy treatises on medicine, star divination and the martial arts. One of his main opponents was Chi You (蚩尤) who was credited as the creator of jiao di, a forerunner to the modern fine art of Chinese wrestling.[8]

Early history [edit]

The earliest references to Chinese martial arts are constitute in the Spring and Autumn Register (5th century BCE),[9] where a hand-to-manus gainsay theory, 1 that integrates notions of "difficult" and "soft" techniques, is mentioned.[10] A combat wrestling system called juélì or jiǎolì ( 角力 ) is mentioned in the Classic of Rites.[11] This combat organisation included techniques such as strikes, throws, joint manipulation, and pressure level point attacks. Jiao Di became a sport during the Qin Dynasty (221–207 BCE). The Han History Bibliographies tape that, by the Former Han (206 BCE – 8 CE), at that place was a stardom between no-holds-barred weaponless fighting, which it calls shǒubó ( 手搏 ), for which training manuals had already been written, and sportive wrestling, so known every bit juélì ( 角力 ). Wrestling is too documented in the Shǐ Jì, Records of the Thou Historian, written past Sima Qian (ca. 100 BCE).[12]

In the Tang Dynasty, descriptions of sword dances were immortalized in poems past Li Bai. In the Song and Yuan dynasties, xiangpu contests were sponsored by the imperial courts. The mod concepts of wushu were fully adult by the Ming and Qing dynasties.[thirteen]

Philosophical influences [edit]

The ideas associated with Chinese martial arts changed with the development of Chinese club and over time caused some philosophical bases: Passages in the Zhuangzi ( 莊子 ), a Taoist text, pertain to the psychology and exercise of martial arts. Zhuang Zi, its eponymous author, is believed to have lived in the fourth century BCE. The Tao Te Ching, often credited to Lao Zi, is another Taoist text that contains principles applicable to martial arts. According to 1 of the archetype texts of Confucianism, Zhou Li ( 周禮 ), Archery and charioteering were part of the "half dozen arts" (Chinese: 六藝; pinyin: liu yi , including rites, music, calligraphy and mathematics) of the Zhou Dynasty (1122–256 BCE). The Art of War ( 孫子兵法 ), written during the 6th century BCE by Sun Tzu ( 孫子 ), deals directly with military warfare but contains ideas that are used in the Chinese martial arts.

Taoist practitioners have been practicing Tao Yin (concrete exercises similar to Qigong that was i of the progenitors to T'ai chi ch'uan) from as early as 500 BCE.[xiv] In 39–92 CE, "Six Chapters of Hand Fighting", were included in the Han Shu (history of the Erstwhile Han Dynasty) written by Pan Ku. Also, the noted physician, Hua Tuo, equanimous the "V Animals Play"—tiger, deer, monkey, bear, and bird, around 208 CE.[xv] Taoist philosophy and their approach to health and do take influenced the Chinese martial arts to a certain extent. Direct reference to Taoist concepts can exist establish in such styles every bit the "Viii Immortals," which uses fighting techniques attributed to the characteristics of each immortal.[16]

Southern and Northern dynasties (420–589 Advertisement) [edit]

Shaolin temple established [edit]

In 495 CE, a Shaolin temple was congenital in the Song mountain, Henan province. The showtime monk who preached Buddhism at that place was the Indian monk named Buddhabhadra (佛陀跋陀羅; Fótuóbátuóluó ), simply called Batuo (跋陀) by the Chinese. There are historical records that Batuo'south first Chinese disciples, Huiguang (慧光) and Sengchou (僧稠), both had exceptional martial skills.[ citation needed ] For example, Sengchou's skill with the tin staff is even documented in the Chinese Buddhist catechism.[ citation needed ] Afterward Buddhabadra, another Indian[17] monk, named Bodhidharma (菩提達摩; Pútídámó ), too known as Damo (達摩) by the Chinese, came to Shaolin in 527 CE. His Chinese disciple, Huike (慧可), was also a highly trained martial arts expert.[ citation needed ] There are implications that these get-go 3 Chinese Shaolin monks, Huiguang, Sengchou, and Huike, may accept been war machine men before entering the monastic life.[18]

Shaolin and temple-based martial arts [edit]

The Shaolin style of kung fu is regarded as one of the offset institutionalized Chinese martial arts.[nineteen] The oldest evidence of Shaolin participation in combat is a stele from 728 CE that attests to two occasions: a defense of the Shaolin Monastery from bandits around 610 CE, and their subsequent role in the defeat of Wang Shichong at the Battle of Hulao in 621 CE. From the 8th to the 15th centuries, there are no extant documents that provide evidence of Shaolin participation in gainsay.

Between the 16th and 17th centuries, at least 40 sources be to provide bear witness both that monks of Shaolin expert martial arts, and that martial practise became an integral chemical element of Shaolin monastic life. The earliest appearance of the frequently cited fable concerning Bodhidharma's supposed foundation of Shaolin Kung Fu dates to this period.[20] The origin of this legend has been traced to the Ming menses's Yijin Jing or "Muscle Modify Archetype", a text written in 1624 attributed to Bodhidharma.

Depiction of fighting monks demonstrating their skills to visiting dignitaries (early 19th-century mural in the Shaolin Monastery).

References of martial arts practice in Shaolin appear in diverse literary genres of the belatedly Ming: the epitaphs of Shaolin warrior monks, martial-arts manuals, war machine encyclopedias, historical writings, travelogues, fiction, and poetry. However, these sources practise non point out any specific style that originated in Shaolin.[21] These sources, in contrast to those from the Tang period, refer to Shaolin methods of armed combat. These include a skill for which Shaolin monks became famous: the staff (gùn, Cantonese gwan). The Ming Full general Qi Jiguang included a clarification of Shaolin Quan Fa (Chinese: 少林拳法; Wade–Giles: Shao Lin Ch'üan Fa ; lit. 'Shaolin fist technique'; Japanese: Shorin Kempo) and staff techniques in his book, Ji Xiao Xin Shu ( 紀效新書 ), which can translate as New Book Recording Constructive Techniques. When this book spread across East Asia, it had a great influence on the development of martial arts in regions such equally Okinawa[22] and Korea.[23]

Modern history [edit]

Republican period [edit]

Most fighting styles that are being practiced every bit traditional Chinese martial arts today reached their popularity within the 20th century. Some of these include Baguazhang, Drunken Battle, Eagle Claw, Five Animals, Xingyi, Hung Gar, Monkey, Bak Mei Pai, Northern Praying Mantis, Southern Praying Mantis, Fujian White Crane, Jow Ga, Fly Chun and Taijiquan. The increment in the popularity of those styles is a result of the dramatic changes occurring within the Chinese society.

In 1900–01, the Righteous and Harmonious Fists rose against strange occupiers and Christian missionaries in Cathay. This uprising is known in the W every bit the Boxer Rebellion due to the martial arts and calisthenics practiced by the rebels. Empress Dowager Cixi gained control of the rebellion and tried to employ it confronting the strange powers. The failure of the rebellion led ten years later to the fall of the Qing Dynasty and the creation of the Chinese Republic.

The present view of Chinese martial arts is strongly influenced by the events of the Republican Period (1912–1949). In the transition catamenia between the autumn of the Qing Dynasty equally well as the turmoil of the Japanese invasion and the Chinese Civil War, Chinese martial arts became more accessible to the general public as many martial artists were encouraged to openly teach their art. At that time, some considered martial arts equally a means to promote national pride and build a stiff nation. As a result, many training manuals (拳譜) were published, a training academy was created, two national examinations were organized and demonstration teams traveled overseas.[24] Numerous martial arts associations were formed throughout Red china and in various overseas Chinese communities. The Central Guoshu Academy (Zhongyang Guoshuguan, 中央國術館) established by the National Government in 1928[25] and the Jing Wu Able-bodied Association (精武體育會) founded past Huo Yuanjia in 1910 are examples of organizations that promoted a systematic approach for training in Chinese martial arts.[26] [27] [28] A serial of provincial and national competitions were organized past the Republican government starting in 1932 to promote Chinese martial arts. In 1936, at the 11th Olympic Games in Berlin, a group of Chinese martial artists demonstrated their fine art to an international audience for the beginning time.

The term kuoshu (or guoshu, 國術 meaning "national art"), rather than the colloquial term gongfu was introduced by the Kuomintang in an try to more closely associate Chinese martial arts with national pride rather than individual accomplishment.

People'due south Republic [edit]

Chinese martial arts experienced rapid international broadcasting with the terminate of the Chinese Civil War and the founding of the People's Republic of Communist china on Oct ane, 1949. Many well known martial artists chose to escape from the PRC'southward rule and drift to Taiwan, Hong Kong,[29] and other parts of the world. Those masters started to teach within the overseas Chinese communities simply eventually they expanded their teachings to include people from other ethnic groups.

Within China, the practice of traditional martial arts was discouraged during the turbulent years of the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1969–1976).[three] Similar many other aspects of traditional Chinese life, martial arts were subjected to a radical transformation past the People's Republic of China to marshal them with Maoist revolutionary doctrine.[3] The China promoted the commission-regulated sport of Wushu as a replacement for contained schools of martial arts. This new contest sport was disassociated from what was seen every bit the potentially subversive self-defence force aspects and family lineages of Chinese martial arts.[3]

In 1958, the authorities established the All-China Wushu Clan as an umbrella organisation to regulate martial arts grooming. The Chinese State Commission for Physical Culture and Sports took the lead in creating standardized forms for most of the major arts. During this menses, a national Wushu system that included standard forms, pedagogy curriculum, and teacher grading was established. Wushu was introduced at both the high school and university level. The suppression of traditional teaching was relaxed during the Era of Reconstruction (1976–1989), as Communist ideology became more accommodating to alternative viewpoints.[30] In 1979, the State Commission for Physical Culture and Sports created a special task force to reevaluate the teaching and practice of Wushu. In 1986, the Chinese National Inquiry Found of Wushu was established every bit the fundamental dominance for the inquiry and administration of Wushu activities in the People's Republic of China.[31]

Irresolute authorities policies and attitudes towards sports, in full general, led to the endmost of the State Sports Commission (the fundamental sports authority) in 1998. This closure is viewed as an endeavour to partially de-politicize organized sports and motility Chinese sport policies towards a more market place-driven approach.[32] As a result of these changing sociological factors within China, both traditional styles and modern Wushu approaches are existence promoted past the Chinese government.[33]

Chinese martial arts are an integral element of 20th-century Chinese popular culture.[34] Wuxia or "martial arts fiction" is a popular genre that emerged in the early 20th century and peaked in popularity during the 1960s to 1980s. Wuxia films were produced from the 1920s. The Kuomintang suppressed wuxia, accusing it of promoting superstition and violent anarchy. Because of this, wuxia came to flourish in British Hong Kong, and the genre of kung fu movie in Hong Kong action cinema became wildly popular, coming to international attention from the 1970s. The genre underwent a drastic decline in the tardily 1990s as the Hong Kong film industry was crushed by economic low.

In the wake of Ang Lee's Crouching Tiger, Subconscious Dragon (2000), at that place has been somewhat of a revival of Chinese-produced wuxia films aimed at an international audition, including Zhang Yimou'south Hero (2002), Business firm of Flying Daggers (2004) and Curse of the Golden Flower (2006), also as Su Chao-pin and John Woo's Reign of Assassins (2010).

Styles [edit]

China has a long history of martial arts traditions that includes hundreds of different styles. Over the past two thousand years, many distinctive styles have been developed, each with its own set of techniques and ideas.[35] There are as well common themes to the different styles, which are ofttimes classified by "families" ( 家 ; jiā ), "sects" ( 派 ; pai ) or "schools" ( 門 ; men ). At that place are styles that mimic movements from animals and others that gather inspiration from diverse Chinese philosophies, myths and legends. Some styles put about of their focus into the harnessing of qi, while others concentrate on competition.

Chinese martial arts can exist split into various categories to differentiate them: For example, external ( 外家拳 ) and internal ( 內家拳 ).[36] Chinese martial arts tin also exist categorized past location, every bit in northern ( 北拳 ) and southern ( 南拳 ) equally well, referring to what part of China the styles originated from, separated past the Yangtze River (長江); Chinese martial arts may even be classified according to their province or metropolis.[24] The master perceived deviation between northern and southern styles is that the northern styles tend to emphasize fast and powerful kicks, high jumps and generally fluid and rapid movement, while the southern styles focus more on strong arm and paw techniques, and stable, immovable stances and fast footwork. Examples of the northern styles include changquan and xingyiquan. Examples of the southern styles include Bak Mei, Wuzuquan, Choy Li Fut, and Wing Chun. Chinese martial arts tin can also be divided according to religion, imitative-styles ( 象形拳 ), and family unit styles such as Hung Gar ( 洪家 ). There are distinctive differences in the training betwixt different groups of the Chinese martial arts regardless of the type of classification. All the same, few experienced martial artists brand a clear distinction between internal and external styles, or subscribe to the idea of northern systems being predominantly boot-based and southern systems relying more heavily on upper-body techniques. Almost styles contain both hard and soft elements, regardless of their internal nomenclature. Analyzing the difference in accordance with yin and yang principles, philosophers would assert that the absenteeism of either one would render the practitioner's skills unbalanced or deficient, as yin and yang solitary are each merely half of a whole. If such differences did once exist, they have since been blurred.

Training [edit]

Chinese martial arts preparation consists of the post-obit components: basics, forms, applications and weapons; different styles place varying emphasis on each component.[37] In addition, philosophy, ethics and fifty-fifty medical do[38] are highly regarded by well-nigh Chinese martial arts. A consummate preparation organization should also provide insight into Chinese attitudes and civilization.[39]

Basics [edit]

The Basics ( 基本功 ) are a vital part of any martial training, as a student cannot progress to the more avant-garde stages without them. Basics are usually made up of rudimentary techniques, workout exercises, including stances. Basic training may involve simple movements that are performed repeatedly; other examples of basic training are stretching, meditation, striking, throwing, or jumping. Without strong and flexible muscles, management of Qi or breath, and proper torso mechanics, it is impossible for a student to progress in the Chinese martial arts.[twoscore] [41] A common maxim concerning basic grooming in Chinese martial arts is as follows:[42]

内外相合，外重手眼身法步，内修心神意氣力。

Which translates as:

Train both Internal and External. External training includes the easily, the optics, the body and stances. Internal grooming includes the centre, the spirit, the mind, breathing and strength.

Stances [edit]

Stances (steps or 步法) are structural postures employed in Chinese martial arts training.[43] [44] [ self-published source? ] They represent the foundation and the class of a fighter's base. Each mode has different names and variations for each stance. Stances may be differentiated by foot position, weight distribution, torso alignment, etc. Stance training can exist expert statically, the goal of which is to maintain the structure of the opinion through a set time period, or dynamically, in which case a serial of movements is performed repeatedly. The Equus caballus stance ( 騎馬步/馬步 ; qí mǎ bù/mǎ bù ) and the bow stance are examples of stances establish in many styles of Chinese martial arts.

Meditation [edit]

In many Chinese martial arts, meditation is considered to be an important component of basic training. Meditation can be used to develop focus, mental clarity and can act as a basis for qigong grooming.[45] [46]

Apply of qi [edit]

The concept of qi or ch'i ( 氣 ) is encountered in a number of Chinese martial arts. Qi is variously defined as an inner energy or "life forcefulness" that is said to animate living beings; as a term for proper skeletal alignment and efficient utilize of musculature (sometimes too known as fa jin or jin); or as a shorthand for concepts that the martial arts educatee might not yet be set to understand in full. These meanings are not necessarily mutually sectional.[note 1] The existence of qi as a measurable form of energy equally discussed in traditional Chinese medicine has no basis in the scientific understanding of physics, medicine, biology or man physiology.[47]

There are many ideas regarding the control of i's qi energy to such an extent that it tin can be used for healing oneself or others.[48] Some styles believe in focusing qi into a single point when attacking and aim at specific areas of the human body. Such techniques are known every bit dim mak and accept principles that are similar to acupressure.[49]

Weapons training [edit]

Most Chinese styles likewise make employ of training in the broad arsenal of Chinese weapons for conditioning the trunk equally well as coordination and strategy drills.[fifty] Weapons training ( 器械 ; qìxiè ) is by and large carried out later the student becomes proficient with the basic forms and applications preparation. The basic theory for weapons training is to consider the weapon every bit an extension of the trunk. It has the same requirements for footwork and body coordination as the basics.[51] The process of weapon training gain with forms, forms with partners so applications. Nearly systems accept grooming methods for each of the Xviii Arms of Wushu( 十八般兵器 ; shíbābānbīngqì ) in add-on to specialized instruments specific to the system.

Application [edit]

Awarding refers to the practical use of combative techniques. Chinese martial arts techniques are ideally based on efficiency and effectiveness.[52] [53] Application includes non-compliant drills, such equally Pushing Hands in many internal martial arts, and sparring, which occurs inside a multifariousness of contact levels and rule sets.

When and how applications are taught varies from style to style. Today, many styles begin to teach new students by focusing on exercises in which each student knows a prescribed range of gainsay and technique to drill on. These drills are often semi-compliant, meaning ane pupil does not offer agile resistance to a technique, in order to allow its demonstrative, clean execution. In more resisting drills, fewer rules utilize, and students practice how to react and reply. 'Sparring' refers to a more advanced format, which simulates a gainsay situation while including rules that reduce the run a risk of serious injury.

Competitive sparring disciplines include Chinese kickboxing Sǎnshǒu ( 散手 ) and Chinese folk wrestling Shuāijiāo ( 摔跤 ), which were traditionally contested on a raised platform arena, or Lèitái ( 擂台 ).[54] Lèitái were used in public challenge matches first appeared in the Song Dynasty. The objective for those contests was to knock the opponent from a raised platform past any means necessary. San Shou represents the modernistic development of Lei Tai contests, but with rules in place to reduce the gamble of serious injury. Many Chinese martial art schools teach or piece of work within the rule sets of Sanshou, working to comprise the movements, characteristics, and theory of their mode.[55] Chinese martial artists also compete in non-Chinese or mixed Combat sport, including boxing, kickboxing and Mixed martial arts.

Forms [edit]

Forms or taolu (Chinese: 套路; pinyin: tàolù ) in Chinese are series of predetermined movements combined then they can be skilful equally a continuous set of movements. Forms were originally intended to preserve the lineage of a particular fashion branch, and were frequently taught to advanced students selected for that purpose. Forms independent both literal, representative and exercise-oriented forms of applicable techniques that students could extract, test, and railroad train in through sparring sessions.[56]

Today, many consider taolu to be i of the most important practices in Chinese martial arts. Traditionally, they played a smaller role in preparation for combat application and took a back seat to sparring, drilling, and conditioning. Forms gradually build up a practitioner's flexibility, internal and external strength, speed and stamina, and they teach remainder and coordination. Many styles comprise forms that utilise weapons of various lengths and types, using one or two easily. Some styles focus on a certain type of weapon. Forms are meant to exist both practical, usable, and applicable as well equally to promote fluid motion, meditation, flexibility, rest, and coordination. Students are encouraged to visualize an attacker while training the class.

There are two general types of taolu in Chinese martial arts. Most common are solo forms performed past a single student. At that place are also sparring forms — choreographed fighting sets performed by two or more people. Sparring forms were designed both to acquaint showtime fighters with basic measures and concepts of combat and to serve as performance pieces for the school. Weapons-based sparring forms are peculiarly useful for teaching students the extension, range, and technique required to manage a weapon.

Forms in Traditional Chinese Martial Arts [edit]

The term taolu (套路) is a shortened version of Tao Lu Yun Dong (套路運動), an expression introduced merely recently with the popularity of modern wushu. This expression refers to "practise sets" and used in the context of athletics or sport.

In contrast, in traditional Chinese martial arts culling terminologies for the training (練) of 'sets or forms are:

  • lian quan tao (練拳套) – practicing a sequence of fists.
  • lian quan jiao (練拳腳) – practicing fists and feet.
  • lian bing qi (練兵器) – practicing weapons.
  • dui da (對打) and dui lian (對練) – fighting sets.

Traditional "sparring" sets, called dui da (對打) or dui lian (對練), were an essential part of Chinese martial arts for centuries. Dui lian means, to train by a pair of combatants opposing each other—the grapheme lian (練), refers to practice; to train; to perfect ane's skill; to drill. As well, often i of these terms are as well included in the name of fighting sets (雙演; shuang yan), "paired do" (掙勝; zheng sheng), "to struggle with strength for victory" (敵; di), match – the graphic symbol suggests to strike an enemy; and "to break" (破; po).

Generally, at that place are 21, eighteen, 12, ix or 5 drills or 'exchanges/groupings' of attacks and counterattacks, in each dui lian set. These drills were considered just generic patterns and never meant to be considered inflexible 'tricks'. Students good smaller parts/exchanges, individually with opponents switching sides in a continuous catamenia. Dui lian were non simply sophisticated and effective methods of passing on the fighting knowledge of the older generation, simply they were as well essential and constructive grooming methods. The human relationship betwixt single sets and contact sets is complicated, in that some skills cannot exist developed with solo 'sets', and, conversely, with dui lian. Unfortunately, it appears that well-nigh traditional gainsay oriented dui lian and their training methodology have disappeared, especially those apropos weapons. There are several reasons for this. In mod Chinese martial arts, most of the dui lian are recent inventions designed for light props resembling weapons, with safe and drama in mind. The role of this kind of grooming has degenerated to the point of being useless in a applied sense, and, at best, is just performance.

Past the early on Song period, sets were not so much "individual isolated technique strung together" simply rather were composed of techniques and counter technique groupings. Information technology is quite clear that "sets" and "fighting (two-person) sets" have been instrumental in traditional Chinese martial arts for many hundreds of years—fifty-fifty before the Song Dynasty. In that location are images of two-person weapon training in Chinese stone painting going dorsum at least to the Eastern Han Dynasty.

According to what has been passed on by the older generations, the judge ratio of contact sets to single sets was approximately i:three. In other words, near thirty% of the 'sets' proficient at Shaolin were contact sets, dui lian, and 2-person drill training. This ratio is, in part, evidenced past the Qing Dynasty mural at Shaolin.

For almost of its history, Shaolin martial arts was mostly weapon-focused: staves were used to defend the monastery, not bare hands. Even the more than recent military exploits of Shaolin during the Ming and Qing Dynasties involved weapons. According to some traditions, monks first studied nuts for one year and were and then taught staff fighting and so that they could protect the monastery. Although wrestling has been as sport in China for centuries, weapons have been an essential part of Chinese wushu since ancient times. If one wants to talk about recent or 'modern' developments in Chinese martial arts (including Shaolin for that thing), information technology is the over-accent on blank mitt fighting. During the Northern Song Dynasty (976- 997 A.D) when platform fighting is known every bit Da Laitai (Title Fights Challenge on Platform) showtime appeared, these fights were with but swords and staves. Although later, when bare mitt fights appeared as well, it was the weapons events that became the almost famous. These open-band competitions had regulations and were organized past authorities organizations; the public likewise organized some. The government competitions, held in the capital and prefectures, resulted in appointments for winners, to military machine posts.

Practice forms vs. kung fu in gainsay [edit]

Fifty-fifty though forms in Chinese martial arts are intended to draw realistic martial techniques, the movements are not always identical to how techniques would exist practical in combat. Many forms have been elaborated upon, on the one hand, to provide better gainsay preparedness, and on the other hand to wait more aesthetically pleasing. One manifestation of this trend toward elaboration across gainsay application is the utilise of lower stances and college, stretching kicks. These two maneuvers are unrealistic in gainsay and are used in forms for exercise purposes.[57] Many mod schools have replaced applied defence force or criminal offense movements with acrobatic feats that are more spectacular to watch, thereby gaining favor during exhibitions and competitions.[note 2] This has led to criticisms by traditionalists of the endorsement of the more acrobatic, show-oriented Wushu competition.[58] Historically forms were often performed for entertainment purposes long before the appearance of modern Wushu equally practitioners have looked for supplementary income by performing on the streets or in theaters. Documentation in ancient literature during the Tang Dynasty (618–907) and the Northern Song Dynasty (960–1279) suggests some sets, (including 2 + person sets: dui da likewise called dui lian) became very elaborate and 'flowery', many mainly concerned with aesthetics. During this time, some martial arts systems devolved to the signal that they became popular forms of martial art storytelling entertainment shows. This created an unabridged category of martial arts known as Hua Fa Wuyi. During the Northern Song period, it was noted by historians this type of training had a negative influence on training in the military.

Many traditional Chinese martial artists, too as practitioners of modern sport gainsay, take get disquisitional of the perception that forms work is more relevant to the art than sparring and drill application, while almost continue to see traditional forms practice inside the traditional context—as vital to both proper combat execution, the Shaolin aesthetic as an fine art form, every bit well as upholding the meditative office of the physical fine art form.[59]

Another reason why techniques often appear unlike in forms when contrasted with sparring application is thought by some to come up from the concealment of the actual functions of the techniques from outsiders.[threescore] [ self-published source? ]

Forms practise is mostly known for teaching combat techniques all the same when practicing forms, the practitioner focuses on posture, breathing, and performing the techniques of both right and left sides of the body.[61]

Wushu [edit]

Modern forms are used in the sport of wushu, as seen in this staff routine

The give-and-take wu ( 武 ; wǔ ) means "martial". Its Chinese graphic symbol is made of two parts; the first meaning "walk" or "stop" ( 止 ; zhǐ ) and the 2d meaning "lance" ( 戈 ; gē ). This implies that "wu 武" is a defensive employ of combat.[ dubious – talk over ] The term "wushu 武術" meaning "martial arts" goes back as far as the Liang Dynasty (502–557) in an anthology compiled by Xiao Tong ( 蕭通 ), (Prince Zhaoming; 昭明太子 d. 531), called Selected Literature ( 文選 ; Wénxuǎn ). The term is found in the second verse of a poem by Yan Yanzhi titled: 皇太子釋奠會作詩 "Huang Taizi Shidian Hui Zuoshi".

"The great man grows the many myriad things . . .

Breaking away from the war machine arts,

He promotes fully the cultural mandates."

(Translation from: Echoes of the By by Yan Yanzhi (384–456))

The term wushu is too found in a verse form past Cheng Shao (1626–1644) from the Ming Dynasty.

The earliest term for 'martial arts' tin can exist constitute in the Han History (206BC-23AD) was "armed forces fighting techniques" ( 兵技巧 ; bīng jìqiǎo ). During the Song menses (c.960) the proper noun changed to "martial arts" ( 武藝 ; wǔyì ). In 1928 the name was changed to "national arts" ( 國術 ; guóshù ) when the National Martial Arts Academy was established in Nanjing. The term reverted to wǔshù nether the People's Commonwealth of China during the early on 1950s.

As forms have grown in complexity and quantity over the years, and many forms alone could be proficient for a lifetime, modern styles of Chinese martial arts have adult that concentrate solely on forms, and do not practice awarding at all. These styles are primarily aimed at exhibition and contest, and frequently include more than acrobatic jumps and movements added for enhanced visual effect[62] compared to the traditional styles. Those who generally adopt to practice traditional styles, focused less on exhibition, are oftentimes referred to equally traditionalists. Some traditionalists consider the contest forms of today's Chinese martial arts as too commercialized and losing much of their original values.[63] [64]

"Martial morality" [edit]

Traditional Chinese schools of martial arts, such every bit the famed Shaolin monks, often dealt with the study of martial arts not simply as a means of cocky-defence or mental training, but equally a system of ideals.[39] [65] Wude ( 武 德 ) can be translated equally "martial morality" and is constructed from the words wu ( 武 ), which ways martial, and de ( 德 ), which means morality. Wude deals with two aspects; "Virtue of human action" and "Virtue of listen". Virtue of deed concerns social relations; morality of mind is meant to cultivate the inner harmony between the emotional mind ( 心 ; Xin ) and the wisdom mind ( 慧 ; Hui ). The ultimate goal is reaching "no extremity" ( 無 極 ; Wuji ) – closely related to the Taoist concept of wu wei – where both wisdom and emotions are in harmony with each other.

Virtues:

Human action
Concept Name Traditional Chinese Simplified Chinese Pinyin romanization Yale Cantonese Romanization
Humility Qian 謙 谦 qiān hīm
Virtue Cheng 誠 诚 chéng sìhng
Respect Li 禮 礼 lǐ láih
Morality Yi 義 义 yì yih
Trust Xin 信 xìn seun
Listen
Concept Name Chinese Pinyin romanization Yale Cantonese Romanization
Courage Yong 勇 yǒng yúhng
Patience Ren 忍 rěn yán
Endurance Heng 恆 héng hàhng
Perseverance Yi 毅 yì ngaih
Volition Zhi 志 zhì ji

Notable practitioners [edit]

Examples of well-known practitioners ( 武術名師 ) throughout history:

  • Yue Fei (1103–1142 CE) was a famous Chinese general and patriot of the Song Dynasty. Styles such every bit Eagle Hook and Xingyiquan attribute their cosmos to Yue. Withal, at that place is no historical show to support the claim he created these styles.
  • Ng Mui (late 17th century) was the legendary female founder of many Southern martial arts such as Wing Chun, and Fujian White Crane. She is frequently considered one of the legendary Five Elders who survived the destruction of the Shaolin Temple during the Qing Dynasty.
  • Yang Luchan (1799–1872) was an of import teacher of the internal martial fine art known as t'ai chi ch'uan in Beijing during the 2nd one-half of the 19th century. Yang is known every bit the founder of Yang-manner t'ai chi ch'uan, also equally transmitting the art to the Wu/Hao, Wu and Sun t'ai chi families.
  • Ten Tigers of Canton (late 19th century) was a grouping of ten of the superlative Chinese martial arts masters in Guangdong (Canton) towards the end of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912). Wong Kei-Ying, Wong Fei Hung'south father, was a member of this group.
  • Wong Fei Hung (1847–1924) was considered a Chinese folk hero during the Republican catamenia. More than than one hundred Hong Kong movies were made about his life. Sammo Hung, Jackie Chan, and Jet Li have all portrayed his character in blockbuster pictures.
  • Huo Yuanjia (1867–1910) was the founder of Mentum Woo Athletic Association who was known for his highly publicized matches with foreigners. His biography was recently portrayed in the moving-picture show Fearless (2006).
  • Ip Man (1893–1972) was a principal of the Fly Chun and the get-go to teach this style openly. Yip Man was the teacher of Bruce Lee. Most major branches of Fly Chun taught in the W today were adult and promoted by students of Yip Homo.
  • Gu Ruzhang (1894–1952) was a Chinese martial artist who disseminated the Bak Siu Lum (Northern Shaolin) martial arts system beyond southern Prc in the early 20th century. Gu was known for his expertise in Atomic number 26 Palm manus conditioning among other Chinese martial art grooming exercises.
  • Bruce Lee (1940–1973) was a Chinese-American martial artist and actor who was considered an of import icon in the 20th century.[66] He skillful Wing Chun and made it famous. Using Wing Chun as his base and learning from the influences of other martial arts his feel exposed him to, he later developed his own martial arts philosophy that evolved into what is now called Jeet Kune Practice.
  • Jackie Chan (b. 1954) is the famous Hong Kong martial artist, film actor, stuntman, activity choreographer, director and producer, and a global pop culture icon, widely known for injecting concrete comedy into his martial arts performances, and for performing complex stunts in many of his films.
  • Jet Li (b. 1963) is the five-time sport wushu champion of Red china, subsequently demonstrating his skills in cinema.
  • Donnie Yen (b. 1963) is a Hong Kong player, martial artist, moving picture manager and producer, action choreographer, and globe wushu tournament medalist.
  • Wu Jing (b. 1974) is a Chinese role player, manager, and martial creative person. He was a fellow member of the Beijing wushu team. He started his career equally action choreographer and later equally an actor.

In popular culture [edit]

References to the concepts and apply of Chinese martial arts can exist found in popular culture. Historically, the influence of Chinese martial arts can be found in books and in the performance arts specific to Asia.[67] Recently, those influences take extended to the movies and television that targets a much wider audience. Every bit a event, Chinese martial arts accept spread beyond its ethnic roots and have a global entreatment.[68] [69]

Martial arts play a prominent function in the literature genre known as wuxia ( 武俠小說 ). This type of fiction is based on Chinese concepts of knightly, a divide martial arts society ( 武林 ; Wulin ) and a cardinal theme involving martial arts.[70] Wuxia stories can be traced as far back every bit 2nd and tertiary century BCE, becoming popular by the Tang Dynasty and evolving into novel form by the Ming Dynasty. This genre is still extremely popular in much of Asia[71] and provides a major influence for the public perception of the martial arts.

Martial arts influences can also exist found in dance, theater [72] and especially Chinese opera, of which Beijing opera is one of the best-known examples. This pop grade of drama dates back to the Tang Dynasty and continues to be an example of Chinese civilization. Some martial arts movements can exist found in Chinese opera and some martial artists tin can be establish as performers in Chinese operas.[73]

In mod times, Chinese martial arts have spawned the genre of cinema known as the Kung fu film. The films of Bruce Lee were instrumental in the initial burst of Chinese martial arts' popularity in the Due west in the 1970s.[74] Bruce Lee was the iconic international superstar that popularized Chinese martial arts in the West with his own variation of Chinese martial arts called Jeet Kune Do. It is a hybrid style of martial art that Bruce Lee skilful and mastered. Jeet Kune Practise is his very ain unique style of martial art that uses little to minimum movement but maximizes the effect to his opponents. The influence of Chinese martial art have been widely recognized and have a global appeal in Western cinemas starting off with Bruce Lee.

Martial artists and actors such equally Jet Li and Jackie Chan take connected the appeal of movies of this genre. Jackie Chan successfully brought in a sense of sense of humour in his fighting style in his movies. Martial arts films from China are oft referred to as "kung fu movies" ( 功夫片 ), or "wire-fu" if extensive wire work is performed for special effects, and are still all-time known as function of the tradition of kung fu theater. (come across too: wuxia, Hong Kong action movie theatre). The talent of these individuals accept broadened Hong Kong'south cinematography production and rose to popularity overseas, influencing Western cinemas.

In the west, kung fu has become a regular activeness staple, and makes appearances in many films that would non generally be considered "Martial Arts" films. These films include only are not express to The Matrix franchise, Kill Bill, and The Transporter.

Martial arts themes can too be establish on television networks. A U.S. network Boob tube western series of the early 1970s called Kung Fu too served to popularize the Chinese martial arts on tv set. With lx episodes over a three-yr span, it was ane of the first North American TV shows that tried to convey the philosophy and practice in Chinese martial arts.[75] [76] The use of Chinese martial arts techniques can now exist institute in almost TV activeness series, although the philosophy of Chinese martial arts is seldom portrayed in depth.

Influence on hip hop [edit]

In the 1970s, Bruce Lee was offset to gain popularity in Hollywood for his martial arts movies. The fact that he was a non-white male who portrayed self-reliance and righteous cocky-discipline resonated with black audiences and fabricated him an important figure in this community.[77] Effectually 1973, Kung Fu movies became a hit in America beyond all backgrounds; however, blackness audiences maintained the films' popularity well afterwards the general public lost interest. Urban youth in New York City were still going from every borough to Time Square every night to lookout man the latest movies.[78] Amongst these individuals were those coming from the Bronx where, during this time, hip-hop was beginning to take form. One of the pioneers responsible for the development of the foundational aspects of hip-hop was DJ Kool Herc, who began creating this new form of music past taking rhythmic breakdowns of songs and looping them. From the new music came a new form of trip the light fantastic toe known as b-boying or breakdancing, a fashion of street dance consisting of improvised acrobatic moves. The pioneers of this dance credit kung fu as i of its influences. Moves such as the crouching low leg sweep and "up rocking" (standing combat moves) are influenced past choreographed kung-fu fights.[79] The dancers' ability to improvise these moves led way to battles, which were dance competitions betwixt two dancers or crews judged on their creativity, skills, and musicality. In a documentary, Crazy Legs, a fellow member of breakdancing group Rock Steady Crew, described the breakdancing boxing being like an former kung fu moving-picture show, "where the one kung fu primary says something along the lines of 'hun your kung fu is proficient, but mine is better,' and then a fight erupts." [79]

Hip hop group Wu Tang Clan were prominently influenced past kung fu cinema. The name "Wu Tang" itself is a reference to the 1983 flick Shaolin and Wu Tang. Subsequent albums by the group (especially their debut album Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers)) are rich with references to kung fu films of the 1970s and 1980s, which group members grew upwardly watching. Several group members (Ghostface Killah, Ol' Dirty Bastard, Method Man, and Masta Killa) had also taken their stage names from kung fu movie theatre. Several music videos, promotional photos, etc. feature group members posing or engaging with kung fu regalia and action sequences.

Run across also [edit]

  • Eighteen Arms of Wushu
  • Hard and soft (martial arts)
  • Kung fu (disambiguation)
  • List of Chinese martial arts
  • Wushu (sport)
  • Kwoon
  • Weapons and armor in Chinese mythology

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Pages 26–33[24]
  2. ^ Pages 118–119[56]

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts

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